分享34个易混淆英语语言学术语解释

各位英语考研er，你的英语语言学复习得咋样了呀？英语语言学一向艰深晦涩，术语抽象，看起来非常像的术语，实际上含义大不相同，经常傻傻分不清楚/(ㄒoㄒ)/~~，要想搞清楚那些易混淆的语言学术语，还得靠英译英才能准确理解！文文为大家整理了34个易混淆英语语言学术语解释，赶快点击查看吧！

1、Phonological structure 音系结构

Which sound units are used and how they are put together

2、Phonological analysis 音系学分析

Take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results.

(minimal pairs

3、Phonemic contrast

The relation between 2 phonemes when they occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning

4、Phonological rule 音系规则

a formal way of expressing a systematic phonologicalprocess or sound change in language.

5、Assimilation

Dissimilation 异化

A process where 2 identical or similar phonemes changes or displaces the other one

6、Suprasegmental/Phonological features (syllable stress tone intonation

Those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments

7、Syllable structure 音节结构 (divided into rhyme and onset

8、Componential analysis

A way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

9、Grammatical construction 语法结构

The process of internal organization of a grammatical unit

( IC analysis

10、Syntactic construction 句法结构

(endo/exo-centric construction

11、Syntactic function 句法功能

Shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used

12、Grammatical rule

By which the grammaticality of a sentence is governed

13、Grammatical relations

The structural and logical functional relations of constituents

14、Syntactic relations

positional/substitutability/co-occurrence

15、syntagmatic relation

between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present.

16、paradigmatic relation

a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and he others absent.

17、immediate constituent analysis:

the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents

18、Distinctive features:

a term of phonology, i.e. a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.

(phonological contrast binary/place features

19、Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme

allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme.

20、Phoneme: smallest constrastive unit in the sound system of a language

21、Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit

22、Phonetics:how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received (description&classification

23、Phonology: sound pattern& shape of syllables

24、Morphology: internal organization of words--minimal meaning unit+word formation processes

25、Syntax: interrelationships between elements in sentence structure

(principles of forming&understanding correct English sentences

26、Semantics: the meaning of linguistic units (how meaning is encoded in a language

27、Pragmatics: use of language in a context (meaning in context

28、Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations

29、Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a new word

30、Constative: statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable.

31、Performative: sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Their function is to perform a particular speech act.

In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?

A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.

Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured.

The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. + to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.

there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning.

32、Componential analysis

proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is analyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]

A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate.

An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a

communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance.

A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context.

The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent.

For example...

33、Argument：some entity about which a statement is being made

34、Predicate: some property or relation to the entity

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英语语言学

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